Importance of Employer Branding Concepts

Significance of Employer Branding Concepts Terms of references This report features the rising mindfulness for the advancement of Employer Branding idea and its advantages for the associations in present serious work showcase. The contention between successful business marking and representatives rights and fulfillment toward association has been analyzed in this report with explicit spotlight on the deceptive and controlling impact. Presentation Boss marking is the impression of representatives about an association as a work environment. Its intended for persuading and protecting workers arrangement with the vision and estimations of the associations. From the HR point of view the idea was subsumed the more seasoned term INTERNAL BRANDING that was basically the way toward imparting an associations brand an incentive to its representative. Boss marking The idea of EMPLOYER BRANDING was made during the 1990s by Simon Barrow, who established People in Business (presently part of TMP Worldwide) and was the co-creator of The Employer Brand. 1 before, Barrow had been a buyer products brand supervisor and headed up a promoting office in London, however later turned into the CEO of an enlistment organization. He was quickly struck by the likenesses between the difficulties looked in advancing purchaser products and in publicizing the qualities of an associations representative recommendation. Both, he perceived, required a solid brand, thus the idea of manager marking was considered. Cart characterized the business brand as the bundle of useful, financial and mental advantages furnished by work and related to the utilizing organization. Sullivan (2004) characterizes boss marking as a focused on, long haul procedure to deal with the mindfulness and impression of workers, expected representatives, and related partners concerning a specific firm. Ambler and Barrow (1996) characterize business brand as far as the advantages it passes on representatives. At the end of the day, the business brand speaks to the variety of monetary, practical and mental advantages that a worker may get on account of joining an association. Similarly as item marks pass on a picture to clients, a business brand passes on a hierarchical picture to potential and current representatives. In such manner, the business brand presents an offer about what individuals may get because of working for a specific manager (Backhaus and Tikoo, 2004). These definitions show that business marking implies a dvancing and assembling a character and an away from of what makes an association unique and attractive as a business. It has likenesses with item and corporate marking yet the key distinction is its greater work explicit. Enrollment and boss marking Building up a business brand is a mix of receiving vision, qualities, and practices, and conveying an assistance that demonstrates duty to best practice and administration greatness. It starts with the enlistment procedure that offers number of instruments that can be utilized to make view of an utilizing association, these devices are: 1. Employment promotion and depiction 2. Meeting process 3. Offer letters 4. Data pack for new enrollment specialists 5. Worker handbooks 6. Enlistment and preparing. The enlistment procedure is a significant method to assemble a positive connection between the association and worker. All through the system, the association can make a solid and positive view about them; even it very well may be reached out to ineffective competitors too. At the point when representatives have acknowledged the truthfulness and precision of the business brand, they will convey it forward, effectively elevating the brand to partners and clients. Be that as it may, manager marking which is fundamentally untruthful won't work and is probably going to be counter-profitable. Advantages of Employer Branding Long haul sway: Successful business brand can impactsly affect enrolling for in any event five years uncovering any significant PR issues encompassing the organization. Expanded volume of unconstrained up-and-comers: The quantity of candidates will build every year. Sometimes, applications will increment by 500%. More excellent applicants: Not just the amount however the nature of up-and-comers will improve significantly, people who could never have considered in the past will begin applying. Higher offer-acknowledgment rates: As business picture turns out to be better known and all the more impressive, firms offer acknowledgment rates will improve drastically. Expanded worker inspiration: Employee inspiration will be simpler to keep up due to representatives expanded pride in the firm and the better administration rehearses that are required to keep up a business of-decision status. A more grounded corporate culture: Because one of the objectives of business marking is to build up a steady message about what its like to work and what it feel to be a piece of the association, business marking can help reinforce firms corporate culture. Diminished corporate negatives: Effective marking programs recognize and counter negative remarks about the association. Expanded supervisor fulfillment: The subsequent higher caliber of up-and-comers and higher offer-acknowledgment rate implies that employing administrators should dedicate less an ideal opportunity to meetings, and they will be increasingly happy with the enrolling capacity. An upper hand: Because work marking endeavors incorporate broad measurements and one next to the other correlations with ability contenders, firms can guarantee that their ability the executives approaches are separated and constantly unrivaled. Expanded investor esteem: The compelling and improved boss picture can decidedly affect an organizations stock cost. Backing for the item brand: A business brand can bolster the corporate brand and related item marks in light of the fact that numerous customers intellectually make the connection between drawing in quality workers and creating a quality item. The brand quintessence ought to sum up what the brand rely on, turning into the core for item improvement, all correspondences and even HR activities for workers. Its definition ought to likewise be reliable with the corporate vision/crucial qualities. For instance, Volvo is a genuine case of a brand portrayal is Volvo Style, driving delight and unrivaled proprietorship experience while praising human qualities and regarding nature. Volvos qualities and affiliations mirroring this brand personality are what are viewed as regularly Scandinavian for example nature, security and wellbeing, human qualities, rich effortlessness, inventive building and the soul of classy/creative usefulness. For Volvo, this portrayal not just mirrors the psycho-realistic profile of the perfect client for their vehicles, yet additionally sums up what Volvo as an organization intends to every one of its laborers its boss image. These are inborn qualities that Volvo laborers can identify with, what they have faith in and why they feel great creation a pledge to their employments. One can without much of a stretch imagine the kinds of HR programs that would move a feeling of pride and re-authorize these intangibles for example nature, wellbeing, security and other important human qualities. Living the brand LIVING THE BRAND is relating to an associations brand an incentive to such a degree, that workers practices fit precisely to the picture that the business is attempting to depict to its clients (Alan Price 2007). The arrangement between workers conduct and estimation of associations brand picture is significant. It is proposed that associations need to guarantee that there is no hole between what the association is stating in the outside world and what individuals accept inside the business. The workers ought to be seen as Brand envoy and brand showcasing would possibly be fruitful on the off chance that they LIVE THE BRAND. From this point of view: 1. Associations have urged workers to purchase in to the business vision and qualities. 2. They need to guarantee that everybody in the association obviously comprehend the motivation behind the normal arrangement of qualities. As indicated by Ind (2004), the subjects talked about are probably going to bear some significance with HR and advertising specialists just as those associated with inner correspondences inside associations. Representatives themselves are relied upon to disguise highlights and parts of the associations brand to guarantee that they become brand champions, hence assisting with speaking to associations brand to the outside clients. Such a methodology promptly raises some fascinating issues identifying with balance and assorted variety as it anticipates that every representative should share a specific arrangement of qualities and act as per these qualities. The worker marking approach being suggested by Ind raises various difficulties for those intrigued by a cor respondence and assorted variety plan. An association that means to guarantee that representatives are experiencing the brand will explicitly expect to pull in and select workers who as of now share the estimations of the corporate brand. Moreover, those effectively utilized inside the association will be urged to disguise the estimations of the association. Plainly, there are issues for empowering assorted variety here, with one of the standards of decent variety the executives being an acknowledgment and acknowledgment that individuals are unique and individual contrasts (particularly of qualities) ought to be invited. Inalienably, a living the brand center is probably going to conflict with such a guideline. Ind points out that empowering worker ID and pledge to the associations brand esteems may prevent an articulation from claiming singularity. In any case, Ind recommends that inside marking joined with permitting workers to be engaged will empower opportunity with request. Disavowal of uniqueness (clothing regulation approach) With regards to proficient picture, numerous businesses are understanding that Standards of dress and individual introduction are basic accordingly having an approach on clothing regulation can be significant. Where the workers meet clients, they go about as the shop window for the organization and the

Thats Life in the Big City Essay Example for Free

Such is reality in the Big City Essay An inferred guarantee of tenability is a guarantee gone ahead by law in regard to every single private rent in a manner to guarantee that the premises are fit and helpful for human residence. Also the guarantee is planned for guaranteeing that the state of the reason stays fit and tenable all through the span of the rent. The proprietor inhabitant law with respect to guarantee of livability is valuable since it forces certain obligations that should be clung to by the two gatherings. Such commitments with respect to the landowner remember support of the premises for tenable conditions, for example, giving sufficient climate sealing, accessible warmth, water, power, and clean sterile condition (Bright Gilbert, 1995). In the event that these conditions are not met the inhabitant can look for legitimate mediation avocation as characterized by the occupant protective act. Despite the fact that there are no unequivocal guidelines in regards to how the landowner should do the support, the proprietor ought to have been answerable for fix of any imperfections in the rental unit and consent to state and neighborhood building wellbeing guidelines. Being a private rent between a landowner and an occupant the proprietor ought to have guaranteed that the he rented property is fit to live in. This implies the rented property ought to be sheltered and clean for other person and furthermore to the individuals who are leaving in that premise. The conditions that disregard the suggested guarantee of livability shift contingent upon the idea of the infringement and the reason for the infringement. For this situation, the proprietor had abused the inferred guarantee of tenability by neglecting to give convenient fix on flawed cooling and warming framework. As required by the law, when an inhabitant distinguishes presence of appalling conditions he should inform the landowner in time a demonstration which Bill and Ted did. Be that as it may, the issue comes in the part disappointment of the landowner to do these fixes in time. Subsequently it was nonsensical for the landowner to take over one month to fix the deformity. For this situation, the proprietor didn't place into thought the appalling conditions a factor which could have required for explicit moves to be made by the inhabitants. For instance the occupants can choose to move out and end the rent or fix and deduct the expense brought about during the time spent fixing the inhabitable conditions from their lease (Koster, 2006). The inhabitant can likewise choose to sue for the harms or either sues to drive the landowner make the fixes. Hence proprietors ought to think about the significance of the guarantee of livability and its application to its property. Since Bill and Ted have leased a condo and they have paid the proprietor a security store, the landowner should take up any issues reacting to the property the board and guarantee that Bill and Ted are living admirably under his property. Any issue that emerges because of the property the executives ought to be respected considered with earnestness and potential allots be conveyed. For this situation, the proprietor doesn't assume his job in property the board and he neglects to take any significant measures or either view gripes of these inhabitants in time. Since Bill and Ted had informed the proprietor and the administrator had guaranteed them of an auspicious fix, they had each motivation to accept his assertion. In any case, the fix took more than should be expected time. The landowner ought to have repaid them for the unsettling influences the brought about when they moved out yet they had paid for the condo. The proprietor depicts disregard on his part since he realized that the climate was compounding yet he neglected to give fans to them. Basically the landowner never reacted to their solicitation. This is seen when the temperatures fell and the water evaporator separated just as the funnels solidified and the two were left without water. Along these lines, as indicated by the guarantee of tenability, the investment property should be sheltered on the residence for people. In such a case Bill and Ted should petition for a penetrate of inferred guarantee of tenability. If there should be an occurrence of the dreadful conditions, for example, the one that Bill and Ted confronted, after the proprietor has been advised promptly about the appalling condition, it is the duty of the landowner to react by making changes inside the following thirty days or inside a sensible time given to him contingent upon the idea of deformity. With respect to Ted and Bill, if the proprietor doesn't react to the progressions of the dreadful conditions then they are permitted to move out and end the rent. This is on the grounds that the proprietor can't make the fixes inside a sensible time. They have a freedom of choosing to move out and end the rent. They are additionally permitted to fix and deduct there fix cost from the following months lease yet they ought to consider on the sum it would cost (Nandorf Nassif, 2008). This is conceivable particularly when the harmed property would not cost a lot to fix contrasted with the house lease. Along these lines, before the inhabitant fixes the harms considering the worth and the expense of fixing s significant, the tents may likewise choose to move out the house and end the rent. In either case the occupants may likewise choose to sue the proprietor for the harms from the date of the landlord’s recognized of the poor condition. They can likewise choose to sue and power the landowner to make fixes through a court request which would drive the proprietor to make the fixes. Despite the fact that the court is equipped for using this alternative, it is a costly assignment since it requires court management to guarantee the fixes are completed. The suggested guarantee of livability can't be postponed and since the proprietor was informed about the degree of the appalling condition on the leased house and no move were made right away. Along these lines, Bill and Ted should take prompt activities on the landlord’s idleness. A legitimate activity against the proprietor is one of the healing activities that the inhabitants should which would see him constrained by the court to fix the harms that have happened. In synopsis, Bill and Ted may choose to sue for the harms brought about since the day that the proprietor was told about the break of guarantee of tenability. This is on the premise that the inhabitable condition lessens the worth and solace of the leased premises on reasonable market rental qualities. Since the landowner has not reacted to the issues in regards to the harms from the occupants, the inhabitants may likewise consider fixing and deducting the expense from the following month’s rent.This is perhaps the simplest strategy on the grounds that the proprietor had disregarded the obligation of fixing the harmed property. References Splendid, S and Gilbert, G. (1995). Landowner and Tenant Law: The nature of Tenancies. Oxford: Clarendron press Koster, K. (2006). The Landlord-Tenant Law: General commitments of Landlords and Tenants. Recovered on 9 July 2010 from http://prior. mo. gov/distributions/landlordtenant. htm Nondorf, K and Nassif, T (2008). Inhabitant Remedies. Recovered on 9 July 2010 from http://pictures. jw. com/com/distributions/963. pdf

A CPW Challenge

A CPW Challenge Wait wait! Stop! Hold the presses! I have one more thing to add to the CPW schedule! Whats that? The schedules have all already been printed and are sitting in boxes waiting to be distributed to YOU when you come to the Student Center to check in tomorrow*? Oh no! How will I ever include my oh-so-awesome CPW event? Oh right, Im a blogger. So here it is: introducing the 2011 CPW Scavenger Hunt!! You will have 4 days on the campus of my favorite place on earth, and there are so many things to find, see, and do! So, if youre coming to CPW this weekend, this is my challenge to you: Eat free food. Find a hack somewhere on campus Build and/or destroy something Meet a professor in the department you might want to major in** Eat liquid nitrogen ice cream High-five Tim the Beaver Spell out MIT with your new CPW-friends in front of your favorite MIT building Steal Chris Petersons nametag*** (ahem Convince Chris Peterson to give you his nametag) Explore the underground tunnels (capture the flag counts) For EXTRA BONUS POINTS: track me down! (Hint: Ill be at the Meet the Bloggers event so should you!) You are tasked with providing photographic evidence of having done all these things! After the weekend, when you finally stop running around to all of the awesome events and have had a chance to collapse and sleep for the first time in days, you should load the pictures onto your computer and send them to me! Better yet, post them to the tumblr (you got the address in your email earlier this week). Ill pick the person whos done the most of the things on the list above, or maybe the one with the most entertaining pictures, or maybe the one who had the most interesting conversation with me, and post your pictures here! Screw it, maybe Ill post them all. If you cant come to CPW, dont worry, I still love you! And Im *super* looking forward to what youre going to come up with through the magic of the internet and photoshop ;) Good luck on the scavenger hunt see you this weekend! *Okay, technically, its after midnight on the East Coast so, TODAY! But I usually go by the standard that today lasts until I wake up the next morning, no matter when I go to sleep **Professors are real people! In fact, theyre real nice people! ***this

Breast Cancer Essay - 729 Words

Two years ago, my grandmother was diagnosed with stage four breast cancer. One year ago, my family and I were informed that she only had a year to live at the most. For months weve sat on the edges of our seats, watching her go through hard times to even more difficult times and wondering what moment would be the last. It was this fall that we realized these past few months would be our last with her. In September 2017, I was cast in my schools fall play The Diviners. After telling my mom who sat there with me when the cast list was posted, I called my grandma to tell her the news. This play was the first show I had ever gotten the chance to be apart of at my high school. I was more shocked and excited than I could possibly contain†¦show more content†¦I’d stand and listen idly by and give them a small smile because I couldnt relate to them. When November 11th came and I made it through the entire show run with her still alive, I thought it was a miracle. Four days later, my dad would pick me up from school to give me the news that she was gone. A week after that, we found out from my grandmothers nurse that my grandmother had lived two weeks longer than she was expected to. The same two weeks that my show was running. Its hard for me to believe that any of this could be a coincidence. Through everything my grandmother has gone through in her entire life; heart attacks, strokes, near kidney failure, and finally breast cancer, its hard for me to believe that anything is a coincidence anymore. She is the strongest person I’ve ever been lucky enough to know and if theres anyone who could beat faith, its her. She held out for me for those two weeks. Maybe she couldnt come see me perform one last time but she was there with me. Her presence was still there with me onstage every night as she held onto life those extra t wo weeks. I dont think Im stronger than the next person who has dealt with the agonizing loss of a family member. I know I’m not. And I dont wish that it had to be this way. I wish I couldve had the time to see her more but my schedule this fall didnt allow it. There are sentiments I wish I wouldve shared withShow MoreRelatedMale Breast Cancer Essay861 Words   |  4 Pages Breast cancer in males is quite common, yet still many people are unaware of this disease. Often, it can go undiagnosed until the cancer is in the fourth stage. Every year over 2,000 men will be diagnosed, but only 54% will survive. Cancer in men is often overlooked as it is almost 100 times less common in men than women. During a man’s entire lifespan, the risk of having a diagnosis is about one in one-thousand. The most common symptom of this devastating disease are a lump or some swelling. ThisRead More Breast Cancer Essay1204 Words   |  5 Pages BREAST CANCER I) Anatomy of the breast nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The breast is a gland designed to make milk. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; II) What is breast cancer? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Breast cancer is an abnormal growth of cells. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;These abnormal growths are called tumors. Not all tumors are cancerous. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Non-cancerous tumors – benign nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;CancerousRead More Breast Cancer Essay1235 Words   |  5 PagesBreast Cancer Cancer is one of the leading causes of death in the United States. There are many different types of cancer that are affecting people all over. Breast Cancer is one of these, and is found in man and women. Over 200,000 women and 1,300 men have been diagnosed with breast cancer this year. One in eight women will detect breast cancer in their lifetime. Men are less than one percent of the cases of breast cancer that are detected. Although prevention is not yet available, earlyRead MoreEssay Breast Cancer1675 Words   |  7 PagesBreast Cancer Breast cancer is a disease that is becoming more and more popular in this day of age. One in every eight women is diagnosed with breast cancer (Breast Cancer, 2010). Women and men who suffer from breast cancer not only are fighting cancer but are also fighting the psychological aspects of the disease. Breast Cancer is the second most diagnosed cancer among women in the United States right behind skin cancer. Women are now surviving breast cancer a lot more frequently becauseRead MoreBreast Cancer Essay642 Words   |  3 PagesBreast Cancer Breast Cancer is a cancer that forms in tissues of the breast, usually the ducts (tubes that carry milk to the nipple) and lobules (glands that make milk). It occurs in both men and women, although male breast cancer is rare. Anyone women could be at risk for breast cancer but, there are factors that make some women more susceptible to breast cancer than others. A risk factor is anything that affects your chances of getting a particular disease. Some can be controlled and some can’tRead MoreBreast Cancer Essay937 Words   |  4 PagesBreast cancer along with many other cancers are being researched daily to find new treatments. With all the new research, it is possible to see high survival rates and lower reoccurrence rate. Many are benefiting from the new treatments that are being discovered. Breast cancer is the second leading cause of death in women and the advancements that have been made are remarkable. There are different types of breast cancer that could be used in planning treatment and new therapies. Authors of MayoRead MoreBreast Cancer Essay1253 Words   |  6 PagesCancer lies dormant in all of us; all living organisms such as our bodies are making defective cells all the time (1). This is how tumors are developed. Our bodies are also equipped with a number of mechanisms that detect and keep such cells in check (1). Breast Cancer (BC), is the most common malignancy in women worldwide, and it is associated with high morbidity and mortality (2). These breast tumors are comprised of phenotypically diverse populations of breast cancer cells (3). However, chemoresistanceRead MoreBreast Cancer Essay1178 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract: Breast cancer is the second most common cancer in women worldwide. The most common type of breast cancer is ductal carcinoma, which arises in cells that lines breast duct. Many imaging techniques are used for the screening and diagnosis, but typically patients are diagnosed at advanced stage only, and the prognosis is associated with early detection. 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Every three minutes a woman is diagnosed: one in eight women will have breast cancer (Walgreens, 2011; Chen, 2010). â€Å"I have to admit, like so many women, I always knew there was a chance. But like so many women, I never thought it would be me. I never thought Id hear those devastating words: You have breast cancer. â€Å"- Debbie Wasserman Schultz, a democratic representative of Florida (2011). Mutations turn genes on and off

Diabetes Care What School Personnel Need For Know. Learners

Diabetes Care: What School Personnel Need to Know Learners According to Evans and Ficca (2012), within the last forty years, the number of chronic health conditions among school children has risen from 1.8% to 25%. In the United States, more than 215,000 young people under the age of 20 have type 1 or type 2 diabetes (American Association of Diabetes Educators, 2014). School age children typically spend more than one-third of their day in a school setting under the supervision of teachers. Therefore, in order to provide a safe learning environment for students with diabetes, school personnel must possess basic knowledge and understanding regarding the disease process of diabetes, symptoms of hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia, desired blood glucose level management, and the appropriate response to diabetic emergency situations. The understanding and support offered by teachers and other school personnel play a crucial role in reducing emotional issues related to their illness and increasing academic success (Hains, et al., 2009). In particular, adolescents experience difficulty maintaining glycemic control which may negatively impact academic outcomes, classroom behavior and emotions. Within our school population, there are six adolescent students who are diagnosed with type 1 diabetes and utilize insulin pumps and pods. Although general information regarding the management of students with diabetes has been presented informally to the faculty, a more detailed presentationShow MoreRelatedCommunity Health Nursing Final Exam Study Guide Essay15874 Words   |  64 Pagesï » ¿ NUR 420 Fall 2013 Final Exam Focus Areas -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. Health care for homeless, why is it so costly? They typically have to stay in the hospital for a longer amount of time because they have a lot more co-morbidities that need to be treated. Being brought to the ED is extremely expensive. Critical interventions are very costly, and so are all the diagnostic tests that must be done. They usually don’tRead MoreThe Diversity Of Adirondack Medical Center ( Amc )1898 Words   |  8 Pagesthe heart of the Adirondacks with an initiative to lead care in the area in order to create a healthier community. AMC is dedicated to improving the health and wellbeing of their patients, residents and visitors they serve. AMC is a 97-bed hospital with an experienced Medical Staff of 60 physicians, board certified in 25 specialties, which are able to provide an interdisciplinary approach that serves patients where they need them, when they need them. (About Adirondack Health, 2014). Governance SharedRead MoreThe Impact Of Social Emotional Learning On Children s Development2192 Words   |  9 Pagesenhances children s self-management, problem-solving, decision-making, and communication skills, including pro-social values and attitudes about self and others. These prerequisite skills are necessary for children to be active and successful learners at school and to engage in fulfilling peer and teacher interactions (Collaborative for Academic, Social, and Emotional Learning., 2008; DEEWR, 2009; Zins, Bloodworth, Weissberg, Walberg, 2004). For example, children who are being bullied or ostracisedRead MorePresenting the Rationale for the Field-Study, Its Aims and Scope, the Research Questions, Significance, Methods, and Design of the Field-Study.11884 Words   |  48 Pagesin language learning (Robinson, 1991; Nunan, 1991). This accounts for the fact that discussions of the roles of materials appear in almost all books on course design. Materials not only provide learners wit h a wide range of useful and fascinating information but also can play a part in enhancing learners’ motivation- thus, facilitate their acquisition (Dudley- Evans St John, 1998; Nonaka, 2001). On materials, it can be seen that the textbook is the ‘visible heart’ of any ELT (English Language Teaching)Read Moreethical decision making16006 Words   |  65 Pagesthe physician has ordered. What should the nurse do? A man was diagnosed and treated for a venereal infection by his family nurse practitioner. He agreed that his wife should also be treated but he did not want her to know that he acquired the disease from a prostitute and infected her. He asked the nurse practitioner if there was any way to avoid sharing this information. When faced with situations like these, it sometimes feels like there are no â€Å"right† answers. 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A male and a female would have varied interests and liking towards different products. A kid would not require something which an adult needs. A school kid would have a different requirement than an office goer. Market Segmentation helps the Kebab Serai to bring together individuals with similar choices and interests on aRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 Pages to self-assessment, to a wealth of interactive visual and audio resources, WileyPLUS gives you everything you need to personalize the teaching and learning experience.  » F i n d o u t h ow t o M A K E I T YO U R S  » www.wileyplus.com ALL THE HELP, RESOURCES, AND PERSONAL SUPPORT YOU AND YOUR STUDENTS NEED! 2-Minute Tutorials and all of the resources you your students need to get started www.wileyplus.com/firstday Student support from an experienced student user Ask your local representative

Oot of School Youth Free Essays

Research in English 2 (Out of School Youth) Prepared by:Osorio, Marie Ann Dominic/ Galvez, Anthony Ross BSCS- 1A To be submitted to Mr. Albert E. Arenas General Topic: Out of School Youth What:Reasons/ Causes of being out of school youth. We will write a custom essay sample on Oot of School Youth or any similar topic only for you Order Now Who:children (ages 6- 17) and teenagers (ages 18- 24) Where: Philippines Narrowed Topic: Reasons/ Causes of being out of school youth of children and teenagers in the Philippines Key Questions: 1. What is out of school youth? 2. What are the reasons/ factors of being out of school youth? 3. What are the things that could help those out of school youth? 1 of every 8 Filipino youths not in school–survey By  RizaT. Olchondra Philippine Daily Inquirer 2:12 am | Sunday, November 6th, 2011 One out of eight Filipinos aged between six and 24 is an out-of-school youth (OSY), according to the 2010 Annual Poverty Indicators Survey (APIS) of the National Statistics Office (NSO). This translates to about 16 percent of the estimated 39 million Filipinos in that age bracket, or 6. 24 million people, the NSO said in a report released last week. It said that among the main reasons cited by both males and females for not attending school were â€Å"lack of personal interest,† â€Å"high cost of education,† and â€Å"looking for work. † OSY defined According to the office, the term OSY refers to family members six to 17 years old who are not attending a formal school as well as family members 18 to 24 years old who are currently out of school, not gainfully employed and had not finished college or a post-secondary course. â€Å"Among OSYs who are six to 12 years old, lack of personal interest and too young to go to school are two leading reasons, for both males and females,† NSO administrator Carmelita N. Ericta said in the report. Lack of personal interest was also the commonly cited reason for OSYs 13 to 17 years of age, followed by the high cost of education, according to Ericta. For OSYs aged 18 to 24 years, looking for work was cited as the main reason among males, and marriage among females, she added. The state-owned think-tank Philippine Institute for Development Studies (PIDS) said that Filipino families and the Philippine government put a high premium on education, but school participation still remained wanting precisely because of the reasons cited in the NSO study. The PIDS said that addressing the   â€Å"lack of interest† was particularly important because it could be a catch-all phrase for anything, from adjustments due to late school entry to lack of financial or parental support. Besides improving the quality of education and the accessibility of schools, PIDS suggested that the government improve information campaigns on what age children should start going to school and promote continuing education for mothers so that they would support school attendance among their children. Major factor Lack of parental support for education was found to be a major factor in children’s â€Å"lack of interest† in going to school. In addressing the economic blocks to school participation, PIDS said, the government’s conditional cash transfer program might help families that decide to put their children to work rather than complete their education. The Annual Poverty Indicators poll is a nationwide survey conducted during the years when the Family Income and Expenditures Survey is not carried out. For a full survey, the number of samples is around 50,000 households. In the 2010 APIS round, only half of the sample size was used. Of the 21,023 eligible sample households for the 2010 APIS round, 20,103 were interviewed. This translated to a response rate of 95. percent at the national level. Bibliography Olchondra, Riza T. â€Å"1 of every 8 Filipino youths not in school– survey†. Philippine Daily Inquirer. November 6, 2011. Reasons/ Causes of being out DQ of school youth of children and teenagers in the Philippines â€Å"One out of eight Filipinos aged between six and 24 is an out-of-school youth (OSY), according to the 2010 Annual Poverty Indicators Survey (APIS) of the National Statistics Office (NSO). This translates to about 16 percent of the estimated 39 million Filipinos in that age bracket, or 6. 24 million people, the NSO said in a report released last week. It said that among the main reasons cited by both males and females for not attending school were â€Å"lack of personal interest,† â€Å"high cost of education,† and â€Å"looking for work. † OSY defined According to the office, the term OSY refers to family members six to 17 years old who are not attending a formal school as well as family members 18 to 24 years old who are currently out of school, not gainfully employed and had not finished college or a post-secondary course. â€Å"Among OSYs who are six to 12 years old, lack of personal interest and too young to go to school are two leading reasons, for both males and females,† NSO administrator Carmelita N. Ericta said in the report. Lack of personal interest was also the commonly cited reason for OSYs 13 to 17 years of age, followed by the high cost of education, according to Ericta. For OSYs aged 18 to 24 years, looking for work was cited as the main reason among males, and marriage among females, she added. The state-owned think-tank Philippine Institute for Development Studies (PIDS) said that Filipino families and the Philippine government put a high premium on education, but school participation still remained wanting precisely because of the reasons cited in the NSO study. The PIDS said that addressing the   â€Å"lack of interest† was particularly important because it could be a catch-all phrase for anything, from adjustments due to late school entry to lack of financial or parental support. Besides improving the quality of education and the accessibility of schools, PIDS suggested that the government improve information campaigns on what age children should start going to school and promote continuing education for mothers so that they would support school attendance among their children. Major factor Lack of parental support for education was found to be a major factor in children’s â€Å"lack of interest† in going to school. In addressing the economic blocks to school participation, PIDS said, the government’s conditional cash transfer program might help families that decide to put their children to work rather than complete their education. The Annual Poverty Indicators poll is a nationwide survey conducted during the years when the Family Income and Expenditures Survey is not carried out. For a full survey, the number of samples is around 50,000 households. In the 2010 APIS round, only half of the sample size was used. Of the 21,023 eligible sample households for the 2010 APIS round, 20,103 were interviewed. This translated to a response rate of 95. 6 percent at the national level. † Olchondra Reasons/ Causes of being out S of school youth of children and teenagers in the Philippines According to the 2010 Annual Poverty Indicators Survey (APIS) of the National Statistic Office (NSO), one of eight Filipinos aged between six and twenty-four (6 24) is an out of school youth (OSY). It means that in 39 million Filipinos on that said age bracket, 6. 24 million (16%) of it were OSY. According to NSO, the term OSY refers to family members 6- 17 years old who are not attending a formal school as well as family members 18- 24 years old who are currently out of school, not gainfully employed and had not finished college or a post-secondary course. The major factor or reasons of being out of school youth is â€Å"lack of interest†. And the â€Å"lack of interest† of the children is due to â€Å"lack of parental support†. In addition, â€Å"lack of personal interest† and â€Å"too young to go to school† is the main reason of ages 6- 12 years old, same with ages 13- 17 years old. While looking for a job was cited as the main reason among males, and getting married is the main reason among females of ages 18- 24. Olchondra Reasons/ Causes of being out P of school youth of children and teenagers in the Philippines Out of School Youth (OSY) refers to children who are not attending formal school, and teenagers who had not finished college or a post-secondary course. According to NSO, 6. 4 million (16%) of the estimated 39 million Filipinos of ages 6- 24 years old were out of school youth (OSY). The major factor or reasons of being out of school youth is â€Å"lack of interest†. And the â€Å"lack of interest† of the children is due to â€Å"lack of parental support†. In addition, â€Å"lack of personal interest† and â€Å"too young to go to school† is the ma in reason of ages 6- 12 years old, same with ages 13- 17 years old. While looking for a job was cited as the main reason among males, and getting married is the main reason among females of ages 18- 24. Olchondra How to cite Oot of School Youth, Essay examples

Importance of CSR in Cross Sector Cooperation

Question: Discuss about the Importance of CSR in Cross Sector Cooperation. Answer: Introduction: The modern approach to business management has significantly evolved. Previously, organizations focused their energy toward product production and profit maximization. However, this approach does not fit the present business environment. The ever rising concerns of the implications of corporations existence to the society have shifted approaches in management. The current generation does not only rank successful organizations on profit terms but also on how they influence the lives of the surrounding communities. This is what introduced the approach of corporate social responsibility (CRS). Discrepancies exist on the definition of this concept. According to Zu (2008, pp.18), many people are still confused by the many definitions suggested by scholars and non-scholars. This is because CRS, have been manipulated by company heads to fit their perception. So, what is a corporate social responsibility? According to Sims (2003, pp.43), CRS, refer to business activities that requires a cont inuous obligation by the firm to behave ethically and contribute to economic development while improving the lives of its labor force, and their families, community, and the overall society. Therefore, it is a concept that demands a multidimensional approach to management. Furthermore, it presents a dilemma for the administration of organizations, since the corporations must decide whether to survive or thrive (Sims, 2003). Ths is because they must serve the organizations set goal and objectives while satisfying the needs of the society. The importance of CRS to both the society and business cannot be underestimated. CRS have many benefits to the business environment. One of the fundamental importance of CRS is the enhancement of cooperation between the society, business and other sectors (Carnogursky et al., 2015). This is crucial for both the short term and long term benefits to the company. Cooperation is a sign of business activities acceptability within its environs of operation. It makes the survival of an investment to easier since others support them. Since CRS, advocates for the organization to address the welfare of the society, it plays a vital role in changing the customers attitude (Kavaliauske Stancikas, 2014). Customers will be attracted to acquire goods and services from corporations which positively contribute to the society. However, it does not guarantee automatic preference by the client, because the current market is globalized, and consumers purchase products using different portals. Some make online purchases, hence will not be interested in the CRS actions of the company. It is vital to remember that, CSR is not a mandatory activity for organizations. Hence it is an organization's initiative to give back to the society. Despite, the customer being more concerned about the quality of service and products, Kavaliauske Stancikas (2014) notes that the clients appreciate socially or environmentally beneficial efforts by organizations. However, for companies which are locally based and serve local people, CRS actions a re essential. For instance, a local company involved in sugar product must devise ways of controlling the level of pollution in the environment. Failure to do so can spark resistance from the local community. Therefore, initiating CSR actions which will cater for the well-being of the locals will change their attitudes towards the company. According to the CRS definition outlined by Sims (2003), CSR should address the welfare of a companys employees and their families. Employees are a vital component in any organization. They are the one who actualize the organization's goals and objectives. Furthermore, they work towards the attainment of the organization's strategic plans. So, in collective terms, the workers are the heartbeats of organizations. Therefore, catering for their interests boots their engagement. Employees enjoy working for organizations who have a positive social image. This makes the company be a darling of many potential employees. This is essential to the survival and performance of an investment. Happy and satisfied employees are innovative, committed and hard working. This subsequently improves the companys performance. Therefore, the corporate social responsibility initiatives are very crucial in the modern business world. So, what are the advantage of this approach? It is vital to note that both commercial and non- profitable organization engages in CRS. Hence, it should not be considered as a way of attracting profits. Improved collaboration between the company, society and other sectors make it easy to market and organization. The media plays an essential role in marketing. Therefore, when a corporation engages in CRS action, it attracts media attention which will then advertise the companys activities to the people. This is a very efficient way of marketing an organization. Through CSR activities, people will come to know more about investment activities, their goods, and services. CRS makes it easier for organizations to obtain financial support. There are well wishes which are ready to support activities which can save the environment or uplift the livelihood of communities. This is crucial for non-profitable associations who depend on donor funds and volunteers to carry out the services. Donors will be willing to assist programs which are addressing perennial societal problems. Hence it is advisable when an organization is setting up a CSR project to carry out serious research on areas of high need. The current market environment is very complex, and agencies find it to survive on the own. Therefore, they thrive on partnerships with others. CSR makes the process of striking corporate partnership to be easy. This is because companies looking for partners are likely to favor those with the positive public image. Additionally, improved performance in production and market competition are other advantages that CSR can bring. Improved performance is caused by workers satisfaction while market competition is due to the change in customers perception of a company. Clients will prefer socially responsible institutions. For the employees, corporations with positive societal image attract quality and competent labor force. There are also shortcomings associated with CSR. Many people still view CSR as charitable giving. According to Hopkins (2012), this view is misguiding and should not be used to define CSR. However, CSR can have an adverse implication on the profitability of business. The main reason for setting up a business is to generate profits. When companies engage in CSR actions which are not financially profitable, it can be viewed as financial wastage. Many factors are causing poor states in the society, and one organization cannot change the situation alone. Furthermore, it is not guaranteed that the companies involvement can positively influence the situation (Hopkins, 2012). Therefore, it can be termed as wastages of resources. Furthermore, it triggers conflicts between the company heads and the stakeholders. The company management can support the idea of CSR, but the stakeholders can be against it, resulting in rifts. Conclusively, CSR is a very powerful tool in ensuring the long-term survival of an organization. This is because it makes the companies be accepted in the society. Furthermore, it fosters corporate partnership which is the modern mode of market survival. However, significant consideration and research ought to be done before engaging in any SRS actions to eliminate chances of financial losses. Reference List Carnogursky, K., Diacicova, A., Dancova, A. Lach, M., 2015. Practical Importance of CSR in Cross-sector Cooperation.. Procedia Economics Finance, Volume 34, pp. 244-251. Hopkins, M., 2012. Corporate Social Responsibility and International Development: Is Business the Solution? London: Earthscan. Kavaliauske, M. Stancikas, A., 2014. The Importance of Corporate Social Responsibility in Lithuania's Finance and Telecommunication Industries. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, Volume 110, pp. 796-804. Sims, R. R., 2003. Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility: Why Giants Fall. Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group. Zu, L., 2008. Corporate Social Responsibility, Corporate Restructuring and Firm's Performance: Empirical Evidence from Chinese Enterprises. Berlin: Springer Science Business Media.

Three Strike Law free essay sample

This paper analyzes the Three Strike Law which is used against repeated offenders. It uses the State of California as an example of the enforcement of this law and provides an overview of sources which are for and against its institution. This paper analyzes the Three Strike Law which is used against repeated offenders. It uses the State of California as an example of the enforcement of this law and provides an overview of sources which are for and against its institution. From the paper: Following the highly publicized kidnapping and murder of 12-year-old Polly Klaus and Kimber Reynolds, California Governor Pete Wilson signed the states three-strikes law, Proposition 184, in March 1994. The law was designed to punish the most serious and habitual offenders and help control crime. By May 31, 2001, over 50,000 criminals had been incarcerated. This included 43,800 under a second strike provision.

Article Review for Hope Leslie essays

Article Review for Hope Leslie essays Bell, Michael Davitt. History and Romance Convention in Catharine Sedgwicks Hope Leslie. American Quarterly, Volume 22, Issue 2, Part I (Summer, 1970). 213-221 Michael Davitt Bell is a renowned literary researcher whose scholarly work has been mostly focused on nineteenth-century American fiction. He received his BA in 1963, from Yale, and my Ph.D. in English, from Harvard, in 1969. He taught English at Princeton from 1968 to 1975, and later moved to Williams College, where he taught until his death in 1997. In his article, History and Romance Convention in Catharine Sedgwicks Hope Leslie, Bell approaches the novel from a historical perspective, examining Hope Leslie as pertaining to its historical accuracy, and how the style of the novel fits into the template of the conventional American historical romancer (221). He introduces the story through a brief yet thorough summary, in order to go into detailed analysis of the characters, their relationship to each other, and their historical significance. Bell states that, Hope Leslie, in spite of the confusion of its plot can be quite instructive in showing in detail how, in America in the early 19th century, historical material became historical romance (216). Bell makes comparisons between Magawiscas self-sacrifice to save Everell with the story of Pocahontas and John Smith. He also relates the story of the Indian attack to have been inspired by the account on the Deerfield Massacre in John Williams The Redeemed Captive Returning to Zion (217). Although these accounts are not identical to the actual historical occurrences, Bell maintains that they are very similar and most definitely based on these true stories. He goes on to draw similarities of the character of Sir Philip Gardiner to an actual historical figure, Sir Christopher Gardiner. Although Se ...

Human resoures and communicaions in contrustion project management Essay

Human resoures and communicaions in contrustion project management - Essay Example Moreover, the background of this discussion has also included major concerns and possible consequences that are faced by the modern organisations in order to successfully accomplish the major objectives of the project management. The discussion of this report significantly focused on leadership relevance and its significance in the project management approach. The report has also enclosed key concepts and skills that a leader must need to possess in order to successfully achieve the desired goals and objectives from a project. Furthermore, the report will be beneficial for the organisations in order to deal with various risk factors that a project might face in the present day context and the way efficient leadership can deal with those factors. The research method followed in the report is secondary approach. A few pertinent literatures and scholarly articles have been studied and reviewed in order to comprehend the study topic related concepts. It is observed that the dimension of leadership prominently applies in the context of project management. Leadership enables to guide a project on the right path ensuring appropriate and timely completion of the project requirements. Project management can be considered as one of the major management paradigms, which enables the business organisations to effectively and efficiently achieve their business goals within the constantly changing phase of the business environment. Project management can be differentiated with the various standards of the business operations with respect to focus on uniqueness, timescales, financial projection, resources, risks, and uncertainties as well as the major activities regarding skills, tools and processes of project management. An effective project management facilitates the organisations to execute various business competencies to effectively handle differing uncertainties, risks along with the pressure of its competitors within the existing market

History of Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

History of Psychology - Essay Example Same is with the study of different kinds of areas of education. Psychology is a kind of social science that has emerged to be one of the prime aspects of life today. All the marketing activities are revolving around the concepts of psychology which have evolved over the last 100 years. The research and development that has taken place has multiplied with each passing year. All the fundamental aspects of human life and functioning are now explained through the various concepts of psychology. Hence psychology has become an integral part of our lives. The type and extent of research that was done at the start of 1900s was different from what it is today. Methods of research are increasing, and developing; providing room for improvement to the research that was already present. Also the theories and concepts which were popular in the start were not as important as more concepts were coming as research was growing. A cross-sectional analysis of the studies which were conducted in two different time frames would provide one with a better picture regarding the difference of opinions, topics and concepts in different eras. For this purpose, two articles have been chosen pertaining to different eras of the 1900s. Thorough analysis of these articles would help us understand the evolution of research and concepts in psychology. The first article that has been chosen was published in 1914 in the Psychological Bulletin/ Psychological Review Company, named as "Psychology of religion". This article was written by Elsworth Faris and advocated the different concepts prevailing regarding religion in the world and their linkage to the psychology of human beings. The other article was chosen from the same journal but published in 1958. The opening remarks from the symposium on relationships between religion and mental health, delivered by Herman Fiefel, were chosen to be analyzed. Like the previous article this article also talks about the relationship between religion and its effect on the mental state of mankind. (Faris, 1914) To start off with, religion has a fundamental link with the mental health and stability of a person. It has been established that believing in the presence of the unknown power above us helps us to live better/accountable lives in this world. It makes us responsible for our actions and can help make the world a better place. This topic has been discussed and researched upon over the years by scientists and results have shown linkage between the two aspects of life. While going through the first article, one notices that the common concept of psychology and religion, pragmatism, is being discussed; the fact that at that time all the concepts were considered important only when they were proved. Pragmatism talks about the purposes behind everything and not a single purpose; it strives to prove to concepts. In the article, the author believes that the faith Christianity is the epitome of the riddle of existence. Although the article clearly mentions that education is an important factor in the development of sound religious concepts. Education helps the person identify with the key facts of the religion; these facts are the presence of a single power which can help them with thing; the fact that they will be offered redemption, the existence of evil and the presence of self-esteem of man. These beliefs are

The Design Of Toughened Glass Columns Physical Education Essay

The Design Of Toughened Glass Columns Physical Education Essay Glass has clinched the attention of engineers and architects in recent years despite its brittle nature. As well as its aesthetic allure, the increasing knowledge of this material allows structural boundaries to be pushed and endless possibilities to arise. Glass facades, beams, and stairs are some of the structures that have been explored with. However, the prospect of using a glass column as a structural component, as opposed to an ornamental role, is of increasing interest. Various structural glass types are available and have proven to be sufficient, but toughened glass reigns as the strongest type, yet its capability to spontaneously shatter can also prove to be a liability. What is Glass? Glass is an inorganic, non-crystalline, solid, transparent material, renowned for its brittleness. Its molecular structure attributes to its brittleness, making it weak in tension (Chen; Lui, Ch.29) and without an ability to redistribute load or absorb impact energy. Potentially, glass is very strong, even exceeding the strength of structural steel. However, due to glass having fairly low fracture toughness, this is only achievable when glass contains no defects, as freshly drawn fibre might be (Rice; Dutton, 33). Glass does not yield, instead it fractures and its failure is stochastic, meaning that prediction for failure is based upon risk or statistics (ISE, 11). Glass does not adhere rigorously to stoichiometry as crystalline materials do, due to the ability to incrementally alter the properties of glass continuously by adding components/substances to modify its properties. For instance, adding potassium oxide to silica will change the glass properties (Clare, Ch.23). Although described as a solid, glass is rather a subset of the solid state. It is essentially an elastic solid below its transformation region, i.e. the glass transition state, and a liquid above it, glass has the attributes of a liquid apart from the ability to flow (Clare, Ch.23). There is a range of intricacies inherent within glass composition; this will later prove to greatly explain the complexities of glass behaviour. A Look at Glass Chemical and Physical Composition Unlike many other materials, glass consists of a geometrically irregular network of silicon and oxygen atoms, with alkaline parts in between (fig.1.4) (Haldimann; Luible; Overend, 4). As glass is an inorganic product of fusion, it consists of a number of chemical components. The chemical composition of glass has a significant impact on glass viscosity, the melting temperature Ts and the thermal expansion coefficient ÃŽÂ ±T of glass (Haldimann; Luible; Overend, 4). One of the main attributes of glass is its resistance to corrosion by acid and water (Chen; Lui, Ch. 29). There is a vast variety of different types of glass, however, the most prevalent type of glass in construction (approximately 90%), is soda lime silica glass (Dewhurst Macfarlane and Partners), and for other special applications, borosilicate glass is used. However, depending on the purpose for the glass, other types are available, such as Lead glass, borosilicate glass, glass fibre, vitreous silica, alminosilicate g lass, alkali-barium silicate glass, technical glass, glass ceramics, optical glass and sealing glass, to name but a few (Glass Online). Borosilicate glass consists of mainly silica (70-80%) and boric oxide (7-13%) with small amounts of the alkalis (sodium and potassium oxides) and aluminium oxide. Borosilicate glass has a considerably low alkali content, and hence, has an appreciable level of chemical durability and shock resistance (Glass Online). The chemical components of soda lime glass are as follows: 70% 74% SiO2 (silica) 12% 16% Na2O (sodium oxide) 5% 11% CaO (calcium oxide) 1% 3% MgO (magnesium oxide) 1% 3% Al2O3 (aluminium oxide) (Glass Online) Regardless of the specific type, the main constituent of glass is silica sand (Chen; Lui, Ch. 29). Sand alone can be used to make glass at a temperature of 1700oC; but the addition of other minerals and chemicals significantly lowers the melting temperature (Glass Online). For instance, the melting temperature for pure silica is approximately 1710oC, but it drops to 1300-1600oC through the addition of alkali (Haldimann; Luible; Overend, 4). Glass consists of a network formers and modifiers Fig. 29.1. Silicon and oxygen ions are bonded together (formers) forming a three dimensional structural network of sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium (modifiers) ions (Chen; Lui, Ch. 29). Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), known as soda ash, is added to create a mixture of 75% silica (SiO2) and 25% of sodium oxide (Na2O), which will reduce the temperature of fusion to about 800oC (Glass Online). However, this concoction means the glass is produces water glass, meaning it is water-soluble. To give the glass stability, chemicals such as (CaO) and magnesium oxide (MgO) are added; which is achieved by adding limestone, which results in a pure inert glass (Glass Online). The viscosity of the liquid glass during the cooling phase increases constantly until solidification is achieved at about 1014Pas. The temperature at solidification is called glass transition temperature Tg and is about 530oC for soda lime silica glass. Contrasting crystalline materials, the transition between liquid and solid states occurs over a particular temperature range, instead of a single precise temperature (Fig. 1.5, Table 1.3). Small amounts of iron oxides are responsible for the greenish colour of soda lime silica glass. A reduced iron oxide content results in an extra clear glass, which is known as low iron glass, and is readily available (Haldimann; Luible; Overend, 6). Essentially, the composition of glass varies to appease a particular product and production method, which requires the raw materials to be weighed and mixed properly; as the consistency of the composition is vital in glass production (Glass Online). The essential physical properties of soda lime silica and borosilicate glass are summarised in Table 1.5. Optical properties depend on the thickness of the glass, the chemical composition, and the applied coatings. The most prominent of the glass properties, is its very high transparency within the visible range of wavelengths (ÃŽÂ »= 380-750nm). However, for different glass types, the exact profiles of non-transmitted radiation spectrum differ, but are in the wavelengths outside and near the infrared band (Fig. 1.6). A large percentage of UV radiation is absorbed as a result of O2 reaction in the glass, but long-wave infrared radiation (ÃŽÂ » The Making of Glass Essentially, glass is produced by rapid melt quenching of raw materials (reference); there are currently various methods by which glass is produced. The float process Fig 1.1 is the most practiced glass production method used today, which produces flat glass, attributing to 90% of the production worldwide. Although the steps vary, it is simply melting at 1600-1800oC, forming at 800-1600oC and cooling at 100-800 oC Haldimann; Luible; Overend, 1). The Pilkington Brothers introduced the float process in 1959. It has several advantages, such as low cost production, vast availability, superior optical quality, and allows for large stable glass panes to be manufactured. The production process is shown in Fig 1.2. Glass is produced by melted raw materials in a furnace at 1550oC. Subsequently, the molten glass is poured continuously at 1000oC on to a shallow pool of molten tin whose oxidation is prevented by inert atmosphere consisting of hydrogen and nitrogen. (Haldimann; Luible; Overend, 2 ). The glass floats onto the tine and spreads forming a smooth flat surface, with an even thickness of 6-7mm; it gradually cools and is drawn onto rollers, then entered into a long oven called a lehr that is heated at a temperature of 600oC. The thickness of the glass can be controlled within a range of 2-25mm, through adjusting the speed of the roller, whereby, reducing the speed increases the glass thickness. The glass is slowly cooled to prevent residual stresses being induced in the glass, after annealing, automated machines inspect the glass to check for obvious defects and imperfections. The glass can then be cut to a standard size of 3.21mÃÆ'- 6.00m, and stored. A disadvantage that arises from this method is that there is a discrepancy between the two faces of a glass sheet. Apparent diffusion of tin atoms into the glass surface occurs on the tin side, which could influence the behaviour of this surface when it is glued. The mechanical strength on the air side is greater tha n on the tin side, which occurs because of the transport rollers interacting with the tin side in the cooling area. This interaction with the rollers can reduce the strength of the glass as it can create surface flaws (Haldimann; Luible; Overend, 2). Fracture Mechanics in Glass As glass is unable to yield plastically ahead of fracture results in the fracture strength being highly sensitive to stress concentrations. To achieve accurate characterisation of the facture strength of glass, the nature and behaviour of the flaws must be integrated, as a result of surface flaws causing high stress concentrations (Haldimann; Luible; Overend, 49). The stress of glass is time dependent; yet, humidity causes stress corrosion resulting in flaws slowly growing when bared to a positive crack opening stress. Essentially, this is when a glass element is stressed below its momentary strength, fails after the time needed for the critical flaw to grow to its critical size (Haldimann; Luible; Overend, 49). These flaws are either inherent in the glass or a result of cutting, drilling, grinding, or an impact from the environment; humidity heightens the growth of cracks. Due to the cut edges in annealed glass being weaker than its flat surfaces, annealed glass beams are designed w ith lower stresses than glass plates. The onset of fast fracture is represented by this general equation: à Ã†â€™Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ (à Ã¢â€š ¬a)= à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ (EGc) (ISE, 57) Where a is the half length of the crack, E is the Youngs Modulus and Gc is the toughness of the glass Gc has units of kJ/m2 and is the toughness of the glass, sometimes known as the critical strain energy release rate. The equation shows that fast fracture will happen when in a material subjected to a stress à Ã†â€™, a crack reaches some critical size a or alternatively, when material containing cracks of size a is subjected to some critical stress à Ã†â€™. This is a mathematical representation of the trend in annealed glass to be stronger under short-term loading rather than long term. The purpose of glass modification processes such as toughening and heat strengthening is to prevent glass from experiencing tension in surface to avoid crack growth, so that fracture mechanics calculations need not be considered Fig 5.3. Professor Inglis (1913) discovered that a slot, hole, or notch in a metal plate was likely to reduce strength by a greater value than that predicted from simply considering the reduction in tensile area. It was proven that the stress field near the discontinuity is exaggerated by an amount that is reliant upon the radius of curvature relative to its length perpendicular to the stress field. The discontinuities or randomly distributed flaws across the surface are known as Griffith Flaws. Griffith flaws are apparent on the surface of glass, but the strength of the glass is coinciding with the presence of visible defects, which is usually the origin of the cracks that occur under an applied tensile stress. Accidental contact can damage the edges of a glass plate more significantly than any other region of the glass. The deflection or bending of the glass is usually able to absorb the energy from an impact on a glass face but an edge impact is resisted by the full in-plane stiffness of t he glass plate or beam and produces greater damage impulse. Once load is applied, stresses develop and concentrate at the tips of flaws or cracks, which usually go undetected by the naked eye. Griffith claimed that crack propagation occurs if energy release on crack growth is adequate enough to supply all the energy that is needed for the growth of cracks. Mathematically this is stated as à Ã†â€™c=à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡EGc/à Ã¢â€š ¬a Where à Ã†â€™c is the stress required to fracture a plate with a crack of length 2a, E is Youngs Modulus and Gc is the critical elastic energy release ratio or toughness of the glass, with units of energy per unit plate thickness and per unit crack extension. This expression signifies the occurrence of fast fracture when a material is under stress that results in a crack of the size a. It is maintained by some that glass is able to reverse crack damage, i.e. heal a microcrack, if it reverts back to an unstressed state. On the other hand, the surface condition of glass sheet alters each time it is cleaned due to new microcracks surfacing. Therefore, the notion of damage reversal is up to the engineer to decide whether it is reliable in design (ISE, 57). Over time, momentary strength of loaded glass decreases, even if only subjected to static loads. This is a quintessential concept to grasp for the structural use of glass, and was demonstrated by Grenet (1899). Flaw and glass properties, stress history and the crack velocity-stress intensity relationship govern the growth of a surface flaw (Haldimann; Luible; Overend, 50). Structural Behaviour and Failure Characteristics of Glass Upon failure, glass does not yield, it fractures, and the failure is stochastic, meaning that the predicted failure is based on risk or statistical analysis (ISE, 11). However, glass is very strong, even stronger than steel. But the inherent low fracture toughness means that this optimum level of strength is only achievable when the glass is free from all defects. Ultimately, glass is brittle, without the ability to redistribute load or absorb energy (Rice; Dutton, 33). Due to the brittle nature of glass, it is important for the designer to have an insight into how the structure will behave if one or more of the glass elements fail; most importantly the safety implications should be assessed (ISE, 55). Fig 5.1 At low stress levels, the majority of materials tend to abide by Hooks law, in that stress and strain are proportional. Yet, a higher stress levels the material deforms plastically, but as glass is a brittle material, it simply fractures without warning instead. The mechanical properties of glass are displayed in Table 29.1 (Chen; Lui, Ch.29). The theoretical strength of glass is usually approximately a tenth of it elastic modulus. The density of the cracks rather than the theoretical breakage stress governs the failure stress of glass, whereby; glass compressive strength can reach a value of 10,000MPa, demonstrating that whilst in compression it is very strong. Conversely, in tension it fails, and this usually occurs when stress levels are less than 100MPa. It is the general consensus that glass failure originates from crack growth and surface flaws, where the stress is concentrated, as demonstrated in Fig 29.5 (Chen; Lui, Ch.29). To gain scope of how differently glass behaves relative to the most commonly used construction material, steel, is to observe the behaviour displayed in stress-strain curve: Glass molecular structure influences its mechanical properties, particularly its random irregular network of silicon and oxygen atoms. Its structure allows for no slip planes or dislocations so that macroscopic plastic flow transpires before fracture (Haldimann; Luible; Overend, 49). Glass failure is most likely to be initiated by surface cracks, because these tend to have the worst geometries and are subjected to the highest stresses due to bending. If the loads to which the glass is subjected do not create enough surface tension to overcome the surface compression, no crack will propagate. Toughening, therefore, increases the effective strength and impact resistance of the glass. Should an external load overcome the precompression and cause a crack to propagated, then the stored energy due to prestress will cause the cracks to spread immediately in all directions and the pane of the glass will fragment explosively (Rice; Dutton, 33). Static fatigue of glass, also known as sub-criti cal crack growth is a phenomenon of glass. An applied sub critical stress causes cracks of flaws to slowly grow with time, until a length is reached, at this point the stress intensity at the crack tip reaches a critical value. Consequently, rapid fracture occurs due to the highly strained atomic bonds swiftly breaking at the crack tip. Stress corrosion is a term used to describe the relationship between the crack growth velocity and the stress intensity factor. Apart from applied stress, there are a number of factors that hasten slow crack growth, such as alkaline solutions and increasing temperature (ISE, 56). Plastic flow is not possible in glass, therefore when the glass surface is in a state of tension; the flaws produce high stress concentrations. The flaws are random and can take any path; therefore the failure strength can only be determined through statistical analysis. Therefore, the basis of risk of fracture of glass that is determined does not give assurance that the glass can withstand the designed load. Strength of glass relies on the load duration and environmental conditions; Fig 29.6 shows the strength-time relationship (Chen; Lui, Ch. 29). The time to failure and applied stress relationship is expressed mathematically as à Ã†â€™nT= constant Where à Ã†â€™ is stress T is duration and n is a constant (ISE, 56). The value of n varies, and Sedlack (1995) as well as Pilkington Glass Consultants recommend n = 16 for design purposes. This equation suggests that loads applied at an exceedingly long duration will allow allowable stresses to decrease to insignificant values. However, in reality, this is not true (ISE, 56). Unlike steel that yields and flows when locally overstressed, glass breaks when it is overstressed. For that reason, it is vital that the designer attempts to eradicate possible design features that may result in stress concentrations. Such as bolted glass has been developed in such a way that, stress concentrations are avoided around the bolts; this attention to detail cannot be readily detected (ISE, 58). To avoid force being transmitted from glass to another material, as this causes stress concentrations to develop; soft setting blocks, fibre gaskets, and protective brushes have been implemented to limit this (ISE, 58). Glass is almost perfectly elastic, linear and is isotropi c, and is not subjected to fatigue (Haldimann; Luible; Overend, 8). Glass only fails by brittle fracture, and cycling loading can cause the growth of cracks. Most materials have a fatigue limit, whereby there is stress amplitude where facture does not happen or fracture only happens after a great number of cycles (>108). Additionally, although many materials have a fatigue ratio, which is the ratio of the fatigue limit to yield strength, but since glass does not yield, this attribute is obsolete (ISE, 58). As glass fails in tension or by buckling, the highest tensile stresses that occur from applied loads should be considered when finding the elastic stability of glass element. Applied compressive stresses can cause tensile strains, but tensile strains can even occur as a result of the Poissons effect from compressive stresses (ISE, 60). Glass failure occurs when the tensile stress is equal or greater than the characteristic strength, which can be calculated using Eqn 29.5. The memb rane stress is constant across the thickness of the plate, whilst the bending stress can be taken as varying linearly. Thus, superimposing the membrane and bending stresses can determine the total stress on the glass (Chen; Lui, Ch. 29). Furthermore, the deflection of glass elements is an important aspect to consider; and such behavioural patterns like toughened glass deflecting more than annealed glass (even when of the same strength) due to toughened glass being considerably thinner, should be taken into consideration (ISE, 56). Glass plates are typically thin so they demonstrate large displacements. The use of thin plate linear bending theory will produce incorrect results. Therefore, the large deflection theory should be used instead to calculate the maximum stress when checking stress against failure. Failure generally is taken to be at the point when the maximum tensile stress equals the glass fracture stress (Chen; Lui, Ch.29). Glass can be quite sensitive to any impact and will result in fracture; the common causes of glass breakage are: Excessive stress form wind pressure or other loads Thermal stress due to differential temperature on different parts of the pane Buckling due to large compression Surface or edge damage Deep scratches or gouges Severe weld splatter Direct contact with metal (e.g. window aluminium frame) Impurities like nickel sulphide (NiS) Excessive deflection bringing glass in contact with other hard objects. (Chen; Lui, Ch. 29) Hence, the strength of glass relies on these aspects: the duration of the applied load, environmental conditions, humidity, size of the stressed area, the distribution of stresses across the stressed area, the condition of the surfaces and edges of the glass (ISE, 57). Prestressing glass, notably by heat-strengthened and toughened are the two basic types, enables the glass to maintain compression on the surface, therefore, eliminating crack propagation (ISE, 59). Survival probability of scratched glass loaded at a constant rate Eqn; Time dependence of glass strength Eqn Fig 5.4 Fig 5.5 Fig 5.6 The Different Types of Structural Glass Glass, itself, is highly susceptible to fracture, which results in a lot of shattered glass, and ultimately, health and safety implications. The fracture of glass stems from the surface flaws. Thus, the industry has developed various modification methods to achieve an increase in the practical strength of glass, by introducing local high compressive stresses near its surfaces (Chen; Lui, Ch.29). By common practice, these modifications are usually implemented on float glass. Tinted Glass Tinted glass is also known as heat-absorbing glass, and is produced by colorant being added to normal clear glass. Light transmittance varies depending on colour and thickness, with a range between 14 to 85%. As a result, tinted glass is not and heat-strengthened glass is typically used when making tinted glass (Chen; Lui, Ch.29). Coated Glass Placing layers of coating onto a glass surface makes coated glass, and there are two types: the solar control (reflective) and the low emissivity types. Structural strength of coated glass is only indirectly affected when the thermal stress is altered, but coated glass is more associated with its energy absorption and light transmission attributes. Therefore, to prevent excessive thermal stress, heat-strengthened glass should be used to produce coated glass (Chen; Lui, Ch.29). Wired Glass A common misperception is that wired glass is stronger than unmodified annealed glass, due to the wires being seen as reinforcement. However, the wires actually induce cracks and weaken the glass. Yet, wired glass is able to hold together upon being broken (ISE, 22). Wired glass is produced when a steel mesh is implemented onto the molten glass during the rolling process (the rolling portion of the flat glass process). It has a high rate of breakage due to sunlight, and hence is weak in resisting thermal stress. Although it is still weak in resisting thermal stress, polished wired glass is used for fire rating since after it breaks, it sticks to the wire mesh and prevents smoke passing. Figure 29.8 shows a damaged wired glass panel under sunlight (Chen; Lui, Ch.29). Annealed Glass Annealed glass panels do not have any heat treatment (Chen; Lui, Ch.29); it is produced using the float process (as described previously) (ISE, 22). It is usually used when large glass panels need to be used, and it is too large for any heat treatment (Chen; Lui, Ch.29). The behaviour of annealed glass is typically perfectly elastic until fracture occurs. Upon fracture, large, sharp shards emerge which are dangerous. However, annealed glass panes do not spontaneously fracture, and due to alternate load paths across the glass pane, it may not fall out of its frame upon failure. Although there is no creep or fatigue in the metallurgical sense, slow crack growth occurs as a result of cyclical loading, whereby, if this glass is under permanent loading, the deformation increases with below 3% over a 50-year period. Imposed strains, such as bending and thermal stresses, as well as instant impact, causes elastic deformation resulting in brittle fracture of annealed glass (ISE, 22). Annealed glass is not very strong, so it is weak in thermal resistance. The allowable stress is approximately 15N/mm2 (Chen; Lui, Ch.29). Fig 2.4 Fig 2.5 Fig 2.6 Heat-Strengthened Glass Heat-strengthened glass is created using a similar process to toughening, with the exceptions that there is a lower cooling rate (Haldimann; Luible; Overend, 12) and the level of the produced prestress is lower. The fracture behaviour, however, is more akin to that of annealed glass rather than toughened (ISE, 24), with larger fragments than that of thermally toughened glass (Haldimann; Luible; Overend, 12). The compressive surface stress for heat-strengthened glass lies in a range between 24 and 69N/mm2 and European Standards quote that the pattern of breakage ranges between 25 to 40N/mm2 (ISE, 24). Heat-strengthened glass is commonly used in laminated glass assemblies, but the nature of its large fracture pattern causes a significant remaining load-bearing capacity upon failure of the glass. The stress gradient depends on the thickness of the glass and as the glass must be cooled down gradually, thus, thick glasses (exceeding 12mm) cannot be heat-strengthened using the toughening p rocess (Haldimann; Luible; Overend, 12). Laminated Glass Laminated glass is two or more glass panes bonded with an interlayer of polyvinyl butyral (PVB) or resins, such as acrylic. The thickness of the interlayer varies between 0.4mm to 6mm. A disadvantage of laminated glass is the validity of composite action. Although usually only two layers are bonded, over 25 layers have been effectively bonded coming at 100mm thick. Laminates can integrate many thicknesses and arrangements to suit a certain requirement. Most importantly, many different types of structural glass can be arranged in the laminated formation, including toughened, annealed, heat-strengthened and bent glass for example. However, toughened and heat-strengthened glasses both cause small amplitude waves as a result of the rollers used in the process. This in turn, enhances the separation between the laminated glasses and ultimately the PVB is impractical. Therefore, resin laminating should be instead. When using a PVB interlayer, the sheets of glass have the PVB interjected bet ween them and then this sandwich travels through an oven of about 70oC, and then passes between rollers which squeeze out the excess air from the bonding. The laminated glass is then placed in an autoclave, heated at 140 oC and at a pressure of 0.8N/mm2. It is possible to manufacture laminated glass at a maximum of 6m by 3m. In resin laminating, the two principal resins are acrylic and polyester. The glass sheets are held together at a right distance apart using double-sided tape around the perimeter. The resin can then be poured in between the two sheets, and once the air has been extracted the open edge can be sealed, and the laminate is stored horizontally to allow the resin to cure and solidify. The curing occurs through UV light or chemical reaction. The size that can be manufactured using this method is dependable on available glass pane sizes (ISE, 24). The structural behaviour of the laminated glass varies, depending on the duration of the load. Hooper (1973) demonstrated that the duration of the loads affected the behaviour of the laminate. With short-term loads the laminate acted compositely, whilst with long-term loads, the load was shared between the two glass sheets, in proportion to their relative stiffnesss, as a result of the deformation of the interlayer (ISE, 24). To determine this behaviour, the deflection of the panel under a specific load should be measured and then compared to the deflection calculated using finite element software. This would allow for the equivalent thickness used in the software to be adjusted to give the same deflection measured, in order to determine the equivalent thickness of the laminated glass pane that should be used for optimum design (Chen; Lui, Ch.29). An increase in the temperature, results in the interlayer softening and a reduction in the composite behaviour. Laminated glass is highly valuable as it offers various performance benefits. For instance, if one or both of the layers are impacted and breaks, the interlayer prevents penetration and allows any broken glass to stay bonded to the interlayer. Additionally, an increase in the thickness of the interlayer increases the penetration resistance of the glass (ISE, 24). Fig 29.9 Displays laminated glass behaviour once broken (Chen; Lui, Ch.29). Toughened Glass Chemically Toughened Glass: Chemically toughened glass implements the principle of a compressive surface layer preventing crack propagation, where the compressive layer is a result from an ion exchange process. Therefore, flat glass that contains sodium ions is immersed in a molten salt bath (electrolysis baths (ISE, 23)), of potassium nitrate. As the temperature of the molten salt is insufficient to permit structural relaxation, the potassium ions force themselves into the sodium sites, consequently, putting the surface under compression (Clare, Ch.23). Although it is an advantage that unlike thermal toughening, thinner glass sheets can be toughened, it results in thinner compressive layers, which are less robust than the thicker layer created through thermal toughening (ISE, 23). Also, the strength of glass can be increased by ten times depending on glass composition (Clare, Ch.23). Thermally Toughened Glass: Thermal toughening of glass is achieved by heating annealed (float) glass plate to about 620-650oC, whereby it begins to soften at this point (ISE, 23). The outer surfaces are then cooled rapidly by cooled air blasts, and the exterior layers quickly cooled and contracted. A thin layer of high compress stress the surface occurs, with a region of tensile stress at the centre of the glass (Fig 29.7). The parabola represents the stress distribution across the thickness of the glass pate, which is also in self-equilibrium. The physical properties of the particular glass used and the geometric shape of the glass governs the exact shape of the curve. Toughened glass has a bending strength is three to five times

Pain Management Essay

Joshi, G., & Kehlet, H. (2013). Procedure-specific Pain Management: The Road to Improve Postsurgical Pain Management?. Anesthesiology, 118(4), 780-782. . This article explained that good pain management is known to produce many benefits for the postoperative patient. However, the article goes on to explain that treating postoperative pain is still a major issue with inadequate postoperative patient pain relief remaining high. The article discussed how the Joint Commission declared pain the â€Å"fifth vital sign†. And that the Joint Commission has determined not all pain could be eliminated, but that goal-related therapy may be suitable. The article concluded by explaining that there was a need for evidence-based procedure specific pain management guidelines. I found this to be an interesting concept that the article presented. In summary the authors believed we could better manage pain based on knowing the type and amount of pain usually caused based on the type of surgery. Zuccaro, S., Vellucci, R., Sarzi-Puttini, P., Cherubino, P., Labianca, R., & Fornasari, D. (2012). Barriers to Pain Management. Clinical Drug Investigation, 32(S1), 11-19. This article started by showing that although there are many techniques to alleviate pain there are even more barriers to effective pain management. With these many barriers leading to a large number of patients not receiving the best pain control. The abstract went on to give examples of the different types of barriers for patients, physicians, and health care institutions. The author believed that identifying and acknowledging these barriers was the beginning to overcoming them. The abstract concluded that health care providers need to be more aware of their patient’s as well as their own cognitive, emotional, and behavioral barriers in order to achieve optimal pain management. Sinatra, R. (2010). Causes and Consequences of Inadequate Management of Acute Pain. Pain Medicine, 11(12), 1859-1871. This article started off by showing that acute pain affects millions of patients every year. This author also agreed that even with the increased  focus on pain management patients pain control continues to be subpar. The purpose of the authors’ study was also to determine barriers to effective pain management as well as consequences to ineffective pain control. This was achieved by completing a review of recent literature regarding the subject of pain management. The study determined that physicians and patients attitudes and educational barriers as well as limited available therapies lead to inadequate pain management. The authors concluded that studies on the use of multiple analgesics with different mechanisms of action could improve the efficiency as well as adverse effects over the single agent approach. Schatman, M. E. (2011). The Role of the Health Insurance Industry in Perpetuating Suboptimal Pain Management. Pain Medicine, 12(3), 415-426. This article started by sharing that pain practitioners function according to medical ethics while health care insurers operate under business ethics of cost and profit. The authors believe that the health insurance industry continues to fail at servicing those suffering from chronic pain and instead the industry stays focused on serving itself. The essay focused on the different self-serve strategies used by the health insurance industry including efforts to falsify chronic pain and its treatments. In conclusion the author felt that the future outlook for those with chronic pain was not good until a not-for-profit single payer system replaced the current self-serving health care insurance industry. Loder, E., Witkower, A., McAlary, P., Huhta, M., & Matarrazzo, J. (2003). Rehabilitation hospital staff knowledge and attitudes regarding pain. American Journal Of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation / Association Of Academic In summary this article was based on a study that focused on inpatient care staff and their knowledge related to pain. A survey was conducted with hospital staff regarding attitudes and experience related to pain care responsibilities. This study showed the staff rated personal lack of education regarding pain management as the main barrier to effective pain management. It also showed that the majority of staff surveyed felt  uncomfortable with many aspects of pain management including the use of opioids in the treatment plan. The study went on to discuss how the findings could be used to improve pain management in the hospital setting going forward including staff education. Niruban, A., Biswas, S., Willicombe, S., & Myint, P. (2010). An audit on assessment and management of pain at the time of acute hospital admission in older people. International Journal Of Clinical Practice, 64(10), 1453-1457. This study focused on pain being more prevalent in older people and how well that pain is assessed and managed in the emergency environment. The study was performed at a hospital in West Norfolk, UK on 140 patients with acute pain hospital admissions. The pain management of these patients were evaluated for 24 hours after admission. The study findings concluded that pain management was not optimal for these patients. The study also showed that management of pain would have been better with scheduled monitoring, education, and better assessment. Personal review: This review of literature has positively impacted my understanding of pain management in many ways. These articles opened my eyes to how important of a role pain control plays in the overall success of the patient. The studies showed how pain management directly effects overall patient outcome. If pain control is handled optimally then positive patient outcome goes up and vice versa. Before this review I knew pain management was important, but I didn’t realize how important with it directly being related to overall patient outcome. This literature also helped me to recognize that health insurance practices play a major role in patient care. The health insurance industry sets many guidelines that determine how and when care is given to our patients. One of the articles focused on how the insurance industry is guided by business ethics with profit being the most important focus. While care providers are guided by medical ethics with positive patient care being the priority. Finally, this review opened my eyes to the many barriers in the way of proper pain management for patients. I now realize that there are patient, provider, and institute barriers effecting optimal pain management as well as many others. And that these barriers include educational, personal attitudes, beliefs, and more. This review helped me realize that identifying and acknowledging these barriers is the first step in overcoming these barriers in order to provide the best pain control and best total care to my patients. References Joshi, G., & Kehlet, H. (2013). Procedure-specific Pain Management: The Road to Improve Postsurgical Pain Management?. Anesthesiology, 118(4), 780-782. Loder, E., Witkower, A., McAlary, P., Huhta, M., & Matarrazzo, J. (2003). Rehabilitation hospital staff knowledge and attitudes regarding pain. American Journal Of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation / Association Of Academic Niruban, A., Biswas, S., Willicombe, S., & Myint, P. (2010). An audit on assessment and management of pain at the time of acute hospital admission in older people. International Journal Of Clinical Practice, 64(10), 1453-1457. Schatman, M. E. (2011). The Role of the Health Insurance Industry in Perpetuating Suboptimal Pain Management. Pain Medicine, 12(3), 415-426. Sinatra, R. (2010). Causes and Consequences of Inadequate Management of Acute Pain. Pain Medicine, 11(12), 1859-1871. Zuccaro, S., Vellucci, R., Sarzi-Puttini, P., Cherubino, P., Labianca, R., & Fornasari, D. (2012). Barriers to Pain Management. Clinical Drug Investigation, 32(S1), 11-19.